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How will playing at altitude affect England when they face Mexico at the Azteca?

England return to Mexico's Azteca Stadium for the first time in 40 years this weekend, desperate to banish the memories of that painful and controversial World Cup quarter-final defeat to Argentina.

Of course, plenty of time, and football, has passed since Diego Maradona's infamous 'Hand of God' goal denied the Three Lions of a spot in the semi-finals of Mexico 86.

Whilst the haunting memories of that day still linger for many of those of an England persuasion, Thomas Tuchel and his group of players are seeking to write their own World Cup history across the Atlantic over the next couple of weeks.

A tense and dramatic 2-1 victory over African qualifiers DR Congo means our nation's hopes of a first crowning glory in FIFA's showpiece since 1966 remain alive and kicking.

But the credentials of the group donning the famous white jersey will be put to its toughest test to date in Mexico City in the early hours of Monday morning.

The Mexicans boast a sensational record at their fearsome, high-altitude institution, losing just two of the 88 competitive fixtures they have partaken in there.

No European nation has ever tasted victory at the iconic venue, and that will have to change if the Three Lions are to advance to the quarter-finals for a third successive occasion.

But what lies in wait for England's class of 2026 in the Mexican capital, and why will the altitude have such a key barring on the fixture?

Find out below...

World Cup

What affect does playing at high altitude have on footballers?

Speak to any footballer who has played football at a relatively high altitude and they will all say the difference between that and playing at a relatively normal sea level is stark.

At altitude, especially that of the Estadio Azteca (7,220ft), the Earth's barometric pressure is significantly lower, making the air much thinner, thus meaning less oxygen is taken into the bloodstream with each breath.

In essence, that means players not used to playing at that altitude, like England's in Mexico City in a few days' time, will feel the effects of fatigue and tiredness to an even greater extent than normal.

Players will also be impacted by increased heart rate, a shortness of breath and quicker dehydration.

These are all significant challenges that the sports science and medical team will be doing their utmost to counter, both in preparation for the last 16 tie and during the fixture itself.

Former West Ham United midfielder Nigel Reo Coker recently explained the difficulties facing the Three Lions at the Azteca in an interview with the BBC.

"It's the most physically demanding place I ever played football," he said, having played at the venue for Montreal Impact in the 2015 CONCACAF Champions League final.

"To come from Europe and play in that altitude is so difficult. You cannot catch your breath. The first 45 to 55 minutes you're literally just trying to keep breathing.

"It's about football intelligence - you really have to pick and choose your moments where you exert yourself."

Reo Coker's claims have also been backed up by Dr Barney Wainwright, a senior research fellow at Leeds Beckett University.

"Maximum aerobic capacity at this kind of altitude usually drops around 10%, and that has a knock-on to performance," he told the BBC.

"There will usually be a 15-20% increase in fatigue. For the distance it's possible to cover, we would expect that to drop by 5-10%.

"Players will produce lactate much more quickly, creating an acidity in the muscle which builds fatigue and slows them down.

"Maximum sprint speeds won't be affected, but players will need to wait a bit longer to recover from each one and go again.

"We need oxygen in the brain for perception and decision-making, so particularly in the moments of the game where players are working really hard, that could impact key decisions."

What is the altitude at the Azteca Stadium?

  • Estadio Azteca - 7,220ft (2,240m) above sea level

The Estadio Azteca is the 20th highest altitude football stadium in the world, perched 7,220ft (2,240m) above sea level.

By contrast, West Bromwich Albion's Hawthorns possesses the highest altitude of every football stadium in professional English football, at 551ft (168m) above sea level.

Top 10 highest altitude football stadiums in the world

  1. Estadio Daniel Alcides Carrión – Peru | Altitude: 4,338 m (14,232 ft)
  2. Municipal Stadium of El Alto (Estadio de Vila Ingenio) – Bolivia | Altitude: 4,150 m (13,615 ft)
  3. Estadio Víctor Agustín Ugarte – Bolivia | Altitude: 3,960 m (12,992 ft)
  4. Estadio Guillermo Briceño Rosamedina – Peru | Altitude: 3,824 m (12,546 ft)
  5. Estadio Enrique Torres Belón – Peru | Altitude: 3,820 m (12,533 ft)
  6. Estadio Jesús Bermúdez – Bolivia | Altitude: 3,735 m (12,254 ft)
  7. Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega – Peru | Altitude: 3,363 m (11,033 ft)
  8. Estadio Huancayo – Peru | Altitude: 3,259 m (10,692 ft)
  9. Estadio Hernando Siles – Bolivia | Altitude: 3,637 m (11,932 ft)
  10. Estadio El Campín – Colombia | Altitude: 2,640 m (8,661 ft)

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